MY THEORIES: 2011

Saturday, 12 November 2011

USEFUL LINKS

1.NEWS PAPER

http://www.thehindu.com/

http://wildeasy.com/ (N number of news papers)

2.CKT

http://www.espncricinfo.com/ (espn Cricinfo)

http://cricket.yahoo.com/ (Yahoo cricket)
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3.JOB SITES

fresher job

http://mindtree.com/

http://expertjobs.org/

http://durgajobs.com/

http://www.naukri.com/

http://jombay.com/

http://www.jobs.freshersvoice.com/

http://www.presentjobs.com/

http://jobs.freshersworld.com/

http://www.chetanasforum.com/

http://www.dailyjobs.in/

www.govtjobsdaily.com/

http://www.jobavakash.com/

http://www.usyscareers.com/

http://www.aftercollege.com/

http://in.jobsdb.com/in

http://www.jobstreet.co.in/

http://www.jobsearch.in/

http://www.spanjobs.com/

https://www.careerbuilder.co.in/

COMPLAINTS ABOUT COMPANY
http://www.consumercomplaints.in/

ELECTRONICS JOB SITES

http://www.asic.co.in/

http://careers.ieee.org/

http://www.asic-world.com/ (WORLD OF ASIC)

GOVTS

http://www.allgovtjobs.in/

http://www.govtjobsdaily.com/

UPSE

http://www.upsc.gov.in/

http://www.upsconline.nic.in/

NET
http://www.ugc.ac.in/
http://www.ugcnetonline.in/

RAILWAY

http://www.rrcchennai.org.in/

http://rrbchennai.net/

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4. PROJECT

BASKER SIR LINK

http://www.basker.yolasite.com/

PPT

http://www.slideshare.net/

CONFERENCE

http://www.conferencealerts.com/india.htm

http://sata-io.org/

Developed programs for FPGA IMPLEMENTATIONS

http://opencores.org/

RMK LIB

http://2.accessengineeringlibrary.com/

www.springerlink.com

http://jgate.in/

http://enterprise.astm.org

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
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4.ELECTRONICS

(development board prices and simple electronic circuits from EFY)

http://kitsnspares.com/

(EFY MAGAZINE)

http://www.efymag.com/

(DATA SHEET FOR VARIOUS COMPONENTS)
http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/

TUTORIALS
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws

NUMBER SYS
http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary.html

IEEE

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org

JoB materiel

FOURMS
http://www.edaboard.com/

VLSI

(Simple Verilog Program)
http://www.asic-world.com/verilog/first1.html

(Verilog Pgm)
http://www.indiastudychannel.com/

VLSI INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
http://vlsitech.blogspot.in/

2008/07/vlsi-interview-questionspart-1.html

VLSI SOCIETY OF INdia
http://vlsi-india.org/vsi/download/links/vsi-events.htm

VLSI VS EMBEDDED SYSTEM

http://toostep.com/debate/vlsi-vs-embedded-system

UNIVS

1.Berkeley

http://berkeley.edu

http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/

SPICE

http://www.home.earthlink.net/~wksands/

http://www.analog.com/en/index.html

http://www.national.com/models/

http://www.nxp.com/cgi-bin/Inquiro/Search.pl

http://www.st.com/internet/com/home/home.jsp

http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/logic/home_overview.page

http://www.te.com/documentation/electrical-models/

http://cnx.org/content/col10369/latest/

http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits.htm

FRDS LINKS

http://brprasanna7.blogspot.in/

Thursday, 29 September 2011

Google boosts London's Silicon Roundabout

Google is to provide office space and assistance to new technology companies in London's "Silicon Roundabout".

Silicon Roundabout takes its name from London's Old Street roundabout

The company has leased a seven-storey building in the Old Street area, where many start-up firms are based.

Prime Minister David Cameron has signalled his desire to turn the area into "one of the world's great technology centres".

About 300 companies are now working in the area, according to Tech City, the body set up to promote the initiative.

Google said that the building, in Bonhill Street, would host "a range of activities, such as speaker series, hackathons, training workshops and product demonstrations" in addition to providing workspace for new companies.

The California-based company stressed that it was not moving its UK headquarters - currently in central London - to the area.

Many millionaires

Eric Van Der Kleij, chief executive of the Tech City Investment Organisation, said that partnering established technology companies with fresh talent could be beneficial to both parties.

"What [companies like Google] do by having a firm footing in the community is provide a channel for innovation, to partner with them and potentially even sell to them," he told BBC News.

"It accelerates the process of the entrepreneur doing a tech startup, selling for a lot of money, creating a lot of millionaires within their organisation and creating recyclable wealth - then going out to do more innovation."

Large corporations have been lending support to young entrepreneurs in the area for some time.

The nearby Tech Hub project, which offers accommodation and business support, is supported by Google, media group Pearson and software firm BlueVia.

Telecoms companies, including BT and Virgin Media are also making the area a priority for installing ultra-fast broadband connections.

The Silicon Roundabout initiative has been championed by the prime minister as a model for developing the UK's knowledge economy.

Speaking in November 2010, David Cameron said that it was possible to learn lessons from Silicon Valley in the US.

"Go with the grain of what is already there. Don't interfere so much that you smother. But do help out wherever you can.

"Help to create the right framework, so it's easier for new companies to start up, for venture capital firms to invest, for innovations to flourish, for businesses to grow," said the prime minister.

Google expects its new East London Facility to open in 2012, following a major refurbishment.

Samsung to pay Microsoft royalties over Android

Samsung is to start paying Microsoft royalties for every sale of its smartphone and tablet computers that run the rival Google Android platform.

Samsung Galaxy Note mobile phone

Microsoft has long accused Android of violating its patents.

Google said its US rival Microsoft was "resorting to legal measures to extort profit from others' achievements and hinder the pace of innovation".

Meanwhile, Samsung has received support from T-Mobile in its continuing legal fight with Apple.

Google said Microsoft was resorting to "the same tactic we've seen time and again".

It added: "We remain focused on building new technology and supporting Android partners.

Court side

Samsung has also received help from T-Mobile in its ongoing legal battle with Apple.

Samsung and Apple are facing each other in courts around the world as they wrangle over patents used in smartphones and tablets.

Apple has applied for an injunction that would stop Samsung selling many of its products in the US. A hearing on the injunction is scheduled for 13 October.

Now T-Mobile has filed papers with the court saying any ban would bring "unnecessarily harm" to it and its customers because it would not be able to find alternative products before the busy holiday season.

T-Mobile's backing for Samsung follows support from Verizon which earlier this week said legal rows over who owns which patent should not hamper the flow of future devices.

'Dramatic growth'

Microsoft and Samsung also said they would cross licence their patent portfolios.

South Korea's Samsung has further agreed to cooperate in the development and marketing of Windows Phone, Microsoft's own smart phone operating system.

Andy Lees, president of Microsoft's Windows Phone division, said: "Microsoft and Samsung see the opportunity for dramatic growth in Windows Phone and we're investing to make that a reality."

Samsung's executive vice president of global product strategy, Hong Won-Pyo, added that the two firms would "continue to bring the latest innovations to the mobile industry".

Thursday, 8 September 2011

Sony to release tablet computer this month

The foldable Sony tablet "P" is displayed after its presentation at the 51st edition of the "IFA" trade fair in Berlin. Sony's first tablet computer will hit the Japanese market on September 17 as the company looks to take on Apple's popular iPad.

The Sony Tablet will be powered by Google's Android software, allowing users to download content such as books, movies and games.

The Sony Tablet "S" series with a 9.4-inch (23.8 centimetre) touchscreen display is expected to have a price tag of 45,000 yen ($580) for a 16-gigabyte data storage model and 53,000 yen for the 32-gigabyte version.

The product will also become available in US and European markets later this month, with a price tag of $499 and 479 euros for the 16-gigabyte model.

Competitors have rushed to cash in on soaring demand for tablets since the iPadwas released in April last year, but Sony's devices will arrive well behind those of its rivals.

The devices will have access to Sony's cloud of online content such as movies, music, digital books, PlayStation games and other entertainment.

Sony has focused more on pushing its content such as games and music through hardware platforms including game consoles, smartphones and tablet computers.

It will release the dual-screened "P" series with a folding design, incorporating two 5.5-inch screens in Japan between October and November. The series will be launched in November in Europe and sometime later this year in the United States.

"Sony aims to grab the No. 1 share of the growing Android-based tablet market (in Japan) in fiscal 2012 (ending March 2013)," Kyodo News quoted Akihiro Matsubara, corporate vice president of Sony Marketing Inc, as saying.

Sony shares rose 1.98 percent to 1,698 yen in Tokyo trade on Thursday.

Wednesday, 7 September 2011

Buffalo Adds Windows Storage for SMBs While Staying True to Linux Users

Buffalo Technology -- the world market leader in consumer NAS (network-attached storage) -- plans to continue producing low-cost, high-powered Linux storage devices for home offices. Yet the release of Buffalo's new TeraStation Pro line-up, the company's first product family for both Linux and Microsoft Windows, signals a further expansion into the SMB space, said Brian Verenkoff, director of marketing and business development.

Offered in both rack and desktop pedestal configurations, the new Linux-based TeraStation Pro and Windows Storage Server-enabled TeraStation Pro WSS models each feature Intel dual-core CPUs with 2GB of RAM; dual Gigabit Enternet ports; high-speed USB 3.0 connectivity; and built-in RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks).

Also front and center are distinctive, platfom-specific features for the embedded Linux and Windows flavors of TeraStation Pro, he noted, in a meeting with DesktopReview.com on a New York City press tour.

"We've always focused on providing the same capabilities that users would get from a Dell or an HP, but at much lower pricing," he added.

In a study issued in January, industry analyst firm In-Stat named Buffalo the world market leader in consumer NAS devices for the sixth consecutive year. Also according to In-Stat, the global consumer NAS market leaped 30.3 percent in unit shipments in 2010.

A subsidiary of Japanese-based Melco Holdings, Buffalo first entered the NAS market around seven years ago. Its name is derived from one of the company's first products, a printer buffer heavily promoted at Comdex trade shows a number of years ago. Buffalo's US headquarters is located in Austin, TX.

First Linux -- and now Windows, too

With new Terastation Pro models running on the company's traditional embedded Linux platform, Buffalo continues to target its long-time market of SOHO and "prosumer" enthusiasts, Verenkoff said.

In contrast, the new WSS line-up represents another step on an upstream journey Buffalo embarked on with the rollout of its first rackmount servers about four years ago, Buffalo, he said, now wants to stretch toward the medium-sized enterprise market, where profit margins are relatively high, even during the current economic downturn.

In the CES 2012 time frame, Buffalo expects to announce a new product eyed as pushing the company further in that direction, Verenkoff said, although he wouldn't specify which operating system (OS) the future product will use.

As for the already announced TeraStation Pro family, it comes in 1U rackmount and two-, four-, and six-bay pedestal configurations. A roomier eight-bay model is available for Linux, but not for the Windows side of the house. Capacity tops out at 12TB for the WSS models, and at 24TB on the Linux-enabled NAS boxes.

List pricing ranges from $499 to $3,499, and street pricing is even less, according to Verenkoff. The windows devices fold in Windows licensing fees. "Pricing is low cost for the Windows products, and lower for the Linux products," he maintained.

TeraStation Pro WSS: iSCSI Target and SIS Deduplication

Buffalo's new TeraStation Pro WSS storage hardware is designed to support SMBs' existing Windows environments. Powered by Microsoft's Windows Storage Server 2008 R2, an OS aimed at optimized file sharing, the WSS devices run Windows Server OS and are configurable through the Windows Shell. In contrast, Buffalo's Linux NAS devices are configured via Web browsers.

Other features of the Windows storage boxes include native support for NTFS (New Technology File System) and Microsoft's Active Directory; Windows search; full Windows print serving; DFS (Distributed File System) replication; IIS (Internet Information Services); Windows Server backup; iSCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface) Target and iSCSI initiator; RAID 0, 1, 5, 10 + Dynamic Disk; and -- on rackmount models only -- SIS (Single-Instance Storage) Deduplication.

iSCSI Target, he noted, uses WSS storage as block-level storage for other servers, for purposes that include VM (virtual machine) storage through Hyper-V and VMware. Through the use of Dynamic Disk, multiple iSCSI targets can be combined into a single RAID 5 array.

For its part, SIS Deduplication is designed to reduce capcity utilization by removing duplicate files. Verenkoff estimated an average deduplication ratio for standard Windows backups of around 22:1. Data reduction from SIS Deduplication tends to be highest for engineering data archives and user home directories, and lowest for Web hosting data and for images, videos, and MP3 files, he said.

"Deduplicated data is placed into a common store and links are placed in the file system," he explained. "When users access their files, they access the common store file. If users modify the file, SIS automatically branches off a new file to reflect the changes."

The Linux and Windows NAS devices both support Windows Networking, NFS (Network File System), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol). Connections are unlimited for all Linux devices and for the rackmount Windows models. The Windows pedestal products support a maximum of 50 simultaneous connections.

Buffalo's Linux boxes: Failover, Google-like search, remote access from smartphones

Features specific to the Linux NAS boxes include built-in Web wizards; NTFS read and write permissions; DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) Media Server; Rsync-based Replication; Simple USB Backup Utility; Basic Print Server (print only); a Google-like Web-based search tool; and remote access from mobile devices through Apple iOS and Android OS apps.

In addition, five of the new Linux models also feature failover for storage system redundancy. "When writing a file to the TeraStation, the main TeraStation automatically copies it to the backup TeraStation," according to Verenkoff.

"When the main TeraStation becomes inaccessible, the backup TeraStation automatically assumes the main's role. [PC] clients can continuously access data without noticing any TeraStation failure," he contended.

The new Linux storage servers also support RAID 1, 5, 10, 6, 50, 51, 60 and 61, with RAID expansion.

Friday, 24 June 2011

Arduino Uno (ATMEGA MICROCONTROLLER)

Overview

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

Summary

Microcontroller	ATmega328
Operating Voltage	5V
Input Voltage (recommended)	7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)	6-20V
Digital I/O Pins	14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins	6
DC Current per I/O Pin	40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin	50 mA
Flash Memory	32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM	2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM	1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed	16 MHz

Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files (rev2): arduino-uno-rev2-reference-design.zip

Schematic (rev2): arduino-uno-rev2-schematic.pdf

EAGLE files (original): arduino-uno-reference-design.zip

Schematic (original): arduino-uno-schematic.pdf

Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

I²C: A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL). Support I²C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage (0 to 5V only) for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Wednesday, 22 June 2011

Dan Nocera: Personalized Energy

PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER FROM VIBRATIONS - A MODULE FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

This project is just an example of Vibrational Energy Harvesting. We can give whatever the vibrational source available as input. Also, here we are storing the obtained power it can be used for any purpose. If you want to eliminate battery then no problem just with the help of proper power conditioning circuit you can directly connect the obtained power to load. But make sure the continuous source of vibration before eliminating battery.